Just finished Catcher in the Rye. I disagree with the upthread comment of Caulfield being a self-centred prick in the sense that he has no centre whatsoever. He would not be facing the issues that he does if he were so convinced of his own superiority. Instead, he has no sense of scale and an atrophied sense of empathy due to his self-imposed isolation. All he has to live for are his memories of people that are no longer around him, which has forced him inwards.
Now, this will be a simplistic interpretation, but actual human contact with the people that he has not labeled as "phoneys" (not labeled so most likely due to his cynical take on humanity not having yet developed by then) actually kick-started his sense of empathy again, gave him a buoy of sorts, where before he was ready to drown, what with becoming a deaf-mute.
Hence, I can indeed see Caulfield as an illustration of disillusionment and loss of sense of self, with the hint of such a mindset having the potential to become a self-destructive spiral. With the context of the War and the crap that society went through during much of the 20th century, this becomes a poignant allegory for its time, though I reckon some parts are still relevant today.