When Kimimaro was talking to the shady guy I presume to be the original Masakaki, he was talking about how the Financial District makes the world a better place.
As for FV=PV+1, that's just Future Value = Present Value +1.
From what I understand, all it's trying to say is everything gets better.
I don't really know any economics, but it likely makes no sense anyway, because assuming the Financial District just created it as a new rule, that's not how the world works right now.